When it comes to manufacturing, fastening is often the unseen but crucial element in ensuring the integrity of products. Mechanical fastening is one of the most common ways to join materials in various industries. Yet, selecting the right type and method can be confusing, with so many options available. How do you know which one is best for your project?
The proper fastening method depends on factors like the materials used, the stress on the joint, and the environment where the parts will be used. Keep reading to learn more about the types of mechanical fastening methods and how to choose the best one for your needs.
What is Mechanical Fastening?
La fixation mécanique consiste à assembler deux ou plusieurs composants à l'aide d'attaches physiques. Selon la méthode utilisée, ces fixations peuvent créer des connexions permanentes ou non permanentes.
Mechanical fasteners are a practical and reliable way to create strong and secure joints. They also allow for the ability to disassemble and reassemble parts when needed:
- Permanent Joint: Created using methods like riveting, where the fastener is permanently deformed to secure the parts together.
- Non-Permanent Joint: Achieved with threaded fasteners such as screws, bolts, and nuts, allowing for easy disassembly and reassembly.
How Does Mechanical Fastening Work?
Mechanical fastening works by using different types of fasteners to join materials. These fasteners create a strong connection through tension, friction, or both. The process typically involves passing the fastener through a pre-drilled hole in the material and securing it with a fastener.
Once the fastener is in place, it is tightened to apply pressure, holding the parts together. In some cases, extra tools like washers or thread-locking compounds keep the fastener from loosening over time. This simple method ensures secure joints that can handle mechanical stresses without damaging the materials.
Types of Mechanical Fastening
Mechanical fastening methods are divided into three main categories based on whether the bond is intended to be temporary, permanent, or specialized for specific needs. Each type offers distinct advantages depending on the application.
Temporary Fasteners
These allow for disassembly and reassembly. They’re ideal for maintenance or part replacement.
Common types:
- Des vis: Threaded fasteners with heads for tools (Phillips, hex, etc.)
- Boulons: Need nuts to secure, stronger than screws
- Nuts and Washers: Combine with bolts to distribute force
- Clips and Pins: Quick-release options for panels or covers
Meilleur pour :
- Equipment needing regular service
- Prototypes requiring adjustments
- Assemblies that might need upgrades
Permanent Fasteners
These create joints meant to last. Removing them usually damages the fastener or materials.
Common types:
- Rivets: Expand when set, creating a permanent bulge
- Stakes: Material is deformed to lock parts together
- Crimps: Metal squeezed tight for electrical or pipe connections
- Welded Studs: Metal posts fused to a base material
Meilleur pour :
- Structural applications
- High-vibration environments
- Safety-critical assemblies
Fixations spécialisées
These solve unique challenges in specific industries.
Common types:
- Captive Fasteners: Screws that stay attached when loosened (aircraft panels)
- Security Fasteners: Need special tools to prevent tampering
- Insulated Fasteners: Prevent electrical conduction
- High-Temp Fasteners: Withstand extreme heat (engine components)
Meilleur pour :
- Aerospace and defense
- Electronics manufacturing
- Harsh environment applications
Materials Used in Mechanical Fastening
The materials used in fixations determine their strength, durability, and suitability for different environments. Let’s examine the most common options.
Metals Used in Mechanical Fasteners
Metals are the most common material for mechanical fasteners because of their strength and versatility. The most common metals used are steel, stainless steel, and aluminum.
Steel, Stainless Steel, and Aluminum
- Acier is popular because it is strong and affordable. It’s used in many industries but may need revêtements ou traitements to prevent rust.
- Acier inoxydable is known for its corrosion resistance. It works well in environments exposed to moisture or chemicals, is durable, and holds up well at high temperatures.
- Aluminium is lightweight and resistant to corrosion, making it ideal for industries that need to reduce weight, like aerospace or automotive. However, aluminum is softer than steel, which may limit its use in some high-strength applications.
Critères de sélection des matériaux
When picking the right material for a fastener, factors like strength, corrosion resistance, temperature range, and cost need to be considered. Steel is often used for high-strength needs, while stainless steel is chosen for areas exposed to corrosion. Aluminum is best when lightweight, and corrosion resistance is the main priority.
Non-Metal Materials
Non-metal materials are becoming more popular in mechanical fastening, especially in cases where metals may not perform well. These materials offer advantages like lighter weight and better resistance to certain chemicals or environmental factors.
Plastics and Composites in Fastening
- Plastiques are used for fasteners when weight reduction is essential or when electrical insulation is needed.
- Composites, such as fiberglass-reinforced plastics, are stronger and more resistant to moisture and temperature changes.
When to Choose Non-Metal Materials？
Non-metal fasteners should be used when weight reduction is essential, corrosion resistance is needed, or electrical insulation is required. Plastics and composites are also fantastic in environments where non-reactivity or flexibility is necessary.
Advantages of Mechanical Fastening
Mechanical fastening offers many benefits, making it an excellent choice for various industry applications. Let’s explore some of the key advantages of using mechanical fasteners.
Résistance et durabilité
Mechanical fastening provides a strong and durable connection between materials. Fasteners like bolts, screws, and rivets create solid joints that can handle heavy mechanical stress, vibrations, and harsh environmental conditions.
Reusability and Maintainability
Unlike soudage or adhesive bonding, mechanical fasteners can often be removed and reused. If a part needs to be replaced or adjusted, fasteners make it easy to disassemble without damaging the materials.
Flexibility in Design and Assembly
Mechanical fasteners offer flexibility in design and assemblée. Manufacturers can choose from various fasteners that suit specific materials and joint needs.
Ease of Installation
Installing mechanical fasteners is simple and requires little specialized equipment. Many fasteners, like screws or bolts, can be installed with essential hand tools or automated machines.
Disadvantages of Mechanical Fastening
While mechanical fastening offers many benefits, it’s essential to understand its limitations to make informed design decisions.
Potential for Corrosion
Mechanical fastening carries the risk of corrosion, especially for fasteners made of metals such as steel or iron. Over time, exposure to harsh conditions can lead to rust, weakening fasteners and joints.
Risk of Loosening Over Time
Mechanical fasteners, especially screws and bolts, can loosen over time due to vibrations, temperature changes, or repeated stress. This can weaken the joint and require maintenance or tightening to secure the connection.
Limited Load Capacity in Some Applications
Mechanical fasteners are generally substantial, but they do have limits when it comes to load capacity. In heavy-duty applications, such as large structures or high-stress machinery, the fasteners may not handle the required load.
Choosing the Right Fastening Method
Selecting the best fastening solution requires careful consideration of multiple factors. Here’s how to make the right choice for your application.
Factors to Consider: Load, Environment, and Material Type
- Load: The load is the force the joint will need to handle. You need fasteners that can handle high stress without breaking for heavy-duty use. Steel and stainless steel fasteners are often used in these situations.
- Environnement: Where the product will be used also matters. If it will face moisture, chemicals, or very hot or cold temperatures, you need fasteners that can resist corrosion. Stainless steel and aluminum are good choices.
- type de materiau: Different materials work better with specific fasteners. Soft materials like plastic or composites might need plastic fasteners to avoid damage.
Comparing Fastening Methods: When to Use What?
- Mechanical Fastening: This is a good choice for many general uses. It’s flexible, easy to install, and can take parts apart if needed. It works well when maintenance or changes might be needed later.
- Soudage: Welding creates a strong, permanent connection. It’s great for parts that handle heavy loads or constant stress. But it’s not a good choice if you need to take the parts apart later.
- Collage: Adhesives are helpful when you can’t use screws or bolts or when you want to avoid drilling holes. This method is often used for thin or delicate parts, like electronics or cars.
Applications of Mechanical Fastening in Different Industries
Mechanical fasteners serve critical functions across major industries, each with unique requirements and challenges.
Applications aérospatiales
Fasteners in aviation must meet extreme demands:
- Alliages de titane dominate for strength-to-weight ratio
- Specialized rivets account for 60-70% of airframe connections
- Flush head designs reduce aerodynamic drag
- Locking mechanisms prevent vibration loosening
- Corrosion-resistant coatings handle altitude changes
Key uses:
- Wing skin attachments
- Engine component mounting
- Interior panel installations
Automotive Solutions
Vehicle manufacturing employs diverse fastening approaches:
- Self-piercing rivets join dissimilar metals in body panels
- Torque-to-yield bolts ensure proper engine assembly
- Plastic clips secure interior trim components
- Wheel lug nuts use specific torque patterns
Critical applications:
- Chassis and suspension systems
- Powertrain assemblies
- Electrical system mounting
Construction Industry Uses
Building projects rely on heavy-duty fastening:
- Structural bolts meet ASTM specifications for steel framing
- Concrete anchors support mechanical and electrical systems
- Joist hangers simplify wood framing connections
- Weather-resistant coatings protect exterior fasteners
Primary functions:
- Steel beam connections
- Roofing and siding installations
- HVAC and plumbing support
Électronique et biens de consommation
Precision fastening enables modern devices:
- Micro vis as small as M1.2 assemble smartphones
- Plastic snap-fits allow tool-less disassembly
- EMI shielding fasteners maintain electrical grounding
- Thread-forming screws create durable plastic threads
Applications typiques :
- Circuit board mounting
- Device enclosure assembly
- Composants de la technologie portable
Conclusion
Mechanical fastening is a reliable, flexible, and cost-effective way to join materials in many industries. Whether it’s for automotive, aerospace, construction, or electronics, fasteners like screws, bolts, and rivets create strong, durable connections. These fasteners are easy to install and maintain and often can be reused.
Want to learn more about how mechanical fastening can help with your next project? Contactez-nous today to find the best fastening solutions for your needs!
Hey, je suis Kevin Lee
Au cours des dix dernières années, j'ai été immergé dans diverses formes de fabrication de tôles, partageant ici des idées intéressantes tirées de mes expériences dans divers ateliers.
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Kevin Lee
J'ai plus de dix ans d'expérience professionnelle dans la fabrication de tôles, avec une spécialisation dans la découpe au laser, le pliage, le soudage et les techniques de traitement de surface. En tant que directeur technique chez Shengen, je m'engage à résoudre des problèmes de fabrication complexes et à favoriser l'innovation et la qualité dans chaque projet.
