Hard turning is precision turning that shapes metals with high hardness, typically above 45 HRC. The process uses a single-point cutting tool made of CBN (cubic boron nitride), ceramic, or carbide. The goal is to produce a smooth surface and meet tight tolerances in a single operation. It’s most often used on steel parts after heat treatment, eliminating the need for secondary grinding.

Contour turning is a lathe process in which the cutting tool moves in both the X and Z axes simultaneously. This multi-axis movement lets the tool follow a specific curved or angled path. The goal is to create smooth shapes, like arcs, rounded edges, or sloped profiles, on a rotating workpiece.

High speed machining (HSM) is a cutting method that utilizes significantly faster speeds than standard machining. It involves higher spindle speeds, quicker feed rates, and rapid moves between cuts.

The primary goal is to remove material quickly without generating excessive heat. Fast and light cuts help keep the tools cool. This reduces tool wear and gives a smoother surface on the finished part.

Single point threading is a method that uses a cutting tool to create threads on a workpiece. It uses one tool shaped like the thread profile. As the part spins on a lathe, the tool moves along it and cuts the thread. This cutting happens slowly and in steps.

SFM means “Surface Feet per Minute.” It measures how fast the cutting edge of the tool moves across the material surface. This speed depends on how fast the tool spins and how big it is.

Think of it this way: if a cutting tool spins too slowly, the cut may not be clean. If it turns too fast, the tool may overheat or wear out quickly. SFM gives a number to help find the right speed.

Carbon steel machining needs clear steps, proper tool choices, and a focus on detail. Good planning helps you avoid issues like excessive tool wear or part distortion. Choosing the right cutting speeds, feeds, and coolants makes a big difference. Understanding the steel’s grade and condition lets you get the best results.

CNC tapping is an automated process that creates internal threads in holes using a computer-controlled machine. CNC tapping utilizes a specialized tool known as a tap. The tap spins and moves into the hole at the right speed. The machine follows a set program, so every thread has the same depth and pitch.

Step turning is a turning method that creates two or more distinct diameters on a single round workpiece. It uses a lathe to cut along the axis at fixed points, removing material in steps.

What makes step turning unique is the sharp 90° shoulder between each diameter. This clean transition is the “step” that defines the process.

Low-volume CNC machining refers to the production of a limited number of parts using computer-controlled machines. The volume usually ranges from a single unit up to a few hundred pieces. These parts are made with tight tolerances and repeatable accuracy.

CNC milling costs vary based on material type, part design, quantity, machine time, and labor. On average, prices range from $50 to $150 per hour. Simpler aluminum parts cost less, while complex stainless steel parts or prototypes cost more. Knowing what affects the price helps you control it.

Helical milling is a method that uses a spiral tool path to cut into metal. The cutter moves in a circular path while also plunging downward, like a screw. This reduces cutting force, lowers heat buildup, and improves chip evacuation. It’s often used for machining holes, threads, and pockets, especially in harder materials.

3+2 machining, or positional 5-axis machining, means the part is rotated into a set position using two rotational axes. Once fixed, the tool performs the cutting using three-axis motion. The rotary axes don’t move during the actual cutting. They only move before cutting starts to position the part.

CNC acrylic machining is a subtractive process. Using high-speed rotating tools, a CNC machine removes material from a solid acrylic sheet. The machine follows a digital design file to accurately cut, drill, or mill the acrylic.

This method creates smooth edges, clean holes, and complex shapes. It works well for both prototypes and finished products. Acrylic is strong, lightweight, and has excellent optical clarity, making it a popular choice.

Feed rate refers to how quickly the tool advances along the workpiece. It’s usually measured in millimeters per minute (mm/min) or inches per minute (IPM). Cutting speed, on the other hand, describes how fast the cutting tool moves relative to the surface of the workpiece. It’s measured in surface feet per minute (SFM) or meters per minute (m/min). While both impact the overall efficiency of the process, they influence different aspects of the machining operation.

Profile milling refers to a process in which a rotating cutting tool shapes the surface of a material along a predefined path. This allows for the creation of complex profiles and shapes. It is typically carried out using CNC machines, which allow precise control of the tool’s movement along the material.

Broaching is a machining process that removes material from a workpiece using a special tool called a broach. The broach has a series of cutting edges, each slightly larger than the last, to remove material in steps. It is used for precision tasks, such as shaping, sizing, and creating detailed features.