{"id":21293,"date":"2025-08-28T00:38:42","date_gmt":"2025-08-28T08:38:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shengenfab.com\/?p=21293"},"modified":"2026-05-08T19:39:47","modified_gmt":"2026-05-09T03:39:47","slug":"lapping-in-engineering","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/shengenfab.com\/ar\/lapping-in-engineering\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629: \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"
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<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0648\u0636\u0639) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\uff1f<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 1 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2 PSI)\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 - \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 (\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a) \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 1-5 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631) \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062f\u062d\u0631\u062c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062f\u062d\u0631\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

This continuous rolling action causes the microscopic sharp edges of the abrasives to take tiny “bites” out of the high spots on the part’s surface. Material is removed gradually, often at rates of just fractions of a micron per minute.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062d\u0631 - \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 - \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644<\/a> \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/a>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\uff1f<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637 - \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

\u26a0\ufe0f \u0645\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> Using lapping as a bulk-removal process to fix sloppy CNC turning will instantly destroy your part’s profit margin. High-precision lapping machine-hour rates are expensive.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631<\/strong> Precision grinding or fine CNC turning should bring the part to within 0.01mm to 0.03mm (0.0004″ to 0.0012″) of the final thickness. Lapping should only be responsible for removing this final micro-layer to achieve the required flatness and Ra.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Even the best precision grinders leave micro-errors: slight bowing, crowning, or tapering due to machine vibration or wheel wear. Lapping acts as the great equalizer. The heavy cast-iron lapping plate acts as a massive, perfectly flat geometric reference. It automatically targets and wears down the “high spots” on a workpiece, mathematically correcting the “potato chip” warping effect left by previous machining steps.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a (CMMs) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n

\ud83c\udf21\ufe0f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629):<\/strong> \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0643. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b 20 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \/ 68 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a). \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a 2 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0629 - \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0<\/h3>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a - \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 - \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646. \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a (\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

By counting these curved lines, an inspector can read the exact topography. One helium light band equals exactly 0.29 microns (11.6 micro-inches). If a print calls for “flatness within 2 light bands,” the shop must hold a physical flatness of ~0.58 microns.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d)\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u0648 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 (\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629).<\/p>\n

\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644<\/h3>\n

For larger components where optical flats are impractical, engineers rely on physical contact mapping. A master granite surface plate is coated with a micro-thin layer of engineer’s blue (Prussian blue) compound. The lapped part is gently rubbed against the plate. When flipped over, the blue dye reveals the exact contact bearing area.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 90%+ \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647 - \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a\u00a0<\/h3>\n

For ultra-critical aerospace, medical, and semiconductor components (like silicon wafers), human interpretation of light bands isn’t enough.<\/p>\n

Laser interferometers provide non-contact, computerized topographical mapping. These systems fire a laser at the surface, instantly calculating thousands of data points to generate a highly detailed, 3D model of the part’s flatness, ensuring absolute compliance without physically touching the sensitive surface.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0630<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0630 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (MRR)<\/h3>\n

\u0637\u062d\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0630:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 0.02 \u0645\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.1 \u0645\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629. \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a (\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629). \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a<\/h3>\n

\u0637\u062d\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (HAZ) \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621.
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0630:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639.
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641:<\/strong>\u00a0A “cold” process. Running at extremely low speeds (e.g., 40-80 RPM) and low pressures, lapping occurs essentially at room temperature, inducing absolutely zero thermal or mechanical stress into the workpiece.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n

\u0637\u062d\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629 (\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u064b\u0627.
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0630:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643)\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a.
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n

\u0637\u062d\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.002 \u0645\u0645 (2 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d.
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0630:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 0.001 \u0645\u0645 (1 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646).
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 (0.3 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 Ra \u062d\u062a\u0649 0.05 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 (2 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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